Wood Sculptures

Out of the Mountain by Leo E. Osborne Abstract Nature Wall Relief, Unique Carved Mixed Media, primarily wood, 56x27x12" American bald eagle emerging from the stone Plumbed for optio...

Koji Takei works reference synthetic cubism in the most literal of senses. In cubist artworks, the objects are broken up, analyzed and re-assembled in abstracted form. These pieces...

Leslie Zelamsky's "Point of Departure 5" is a 63.5 x 23 x 22 inch sculpture primarily constructed cedar shingles and shims that are nailed and glued. T...

Koji Takei works reference synthetic cubism in the most literal of senses. In cubist artworks, the objects are broken up, analyzed and re-assembled in abstracted form. These pieces...

"Dan Mask Ivory Coast" is a mask sculpted out of wood with hair and mud. Slit eyes and an opened mouth with a heart shaped face. 6" x 9" x 2" Da...

Superb mobile by louis Chacallis, french, Ecole de Nice. made by papier maché, it is in his very personal style, as you can see from the Catalogue edited in 2010. Louis Chacallis es...

Black Rock Creek by Leo E. Osborne Abstract Nature Wall Relief, Unique Carved Mixed Media (primarily wood) 20x36x6" nuthatch on wood carved to appear like g...

Eva Ennist, a mixed media and fiber artist, travels extensively through the Far East, gathering materials and techniques for her practice. The sculpture "NE...

Elizabeth Jordan is an artist working primarily in sculpture and whose work uses multiple materials to produce unique, organic forms. In addition to a solo and group shows at Ivy Bro...

Stainless steel sculpture with wooden base. Liechennay's works are inspired by nature and life, simply put, the forms and shapes he is surrounded by. He creates highly aesthetic pieces embodying artistic balance...

"Draped Figure" is a beautiful example of Tazian's ability to meld the smooth texture of wood and the hard texture of bronze into an exquisite object to view, hold or caress. The piece balances perfectly on its stone base and can be easily turned to enjoy from all angles. Like architects Eliel Saarinan and Albert Kahn and sculptor Corrado Parducci, Tazian is an immigrant creative who has found a home in the city, nurtured by its energy and sheltered by its community. He developed an early ambition to become an artist, even though he had very little exposure to the arts. ““The only person [who encouraged me] was my 5th grade English teacher, Olivia Balian,” he says. “She really opened the doors of art for me. She said, ‘Those students who are interested in art can stay behind after school and I will show you how to paint and draw.’ Somehow [that] changed my life– she gave me that spark.” Tazian came to the U.S. to study at St. Francis College in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He earned a bachelor’s degree in art and a Master’s in Art Education, and then earned and MFA in sculpture from Wayne State University in Detroit. Kegham Tazian is an award-winning sculptor and painter. The Armenian-born artist has gained notoriety for the diversity of his work and the variety of media exemplified in his pieces. A blend of modernism, realism and abstraction are commonly depicted in his paintings and sculptures. His artwork has been represented in more than 40 solo exhibitions and more than 75 group exhibitions throughout the United States, Canada, Europe, and the Middle East. His work adorns the entrances and halls of major corporations, universities and municipalities, including Siemens Corporation, Huntington Bank, Wayne State University and the city halls of Farmington and Farmington Hills...

Abstract Sculpture. Wood. Oil. Found Objects. Vibrant Orange. About the Artist: Egyptian-born artist and designer, Isaac Manevitz, is known for his high-end jewelry and uniq...

The artistic collaboration of Kelly Bugden + Van Wifvat has produced a thought-provoking body of sculptures, paintings, and constructions. Nature, childhood memories, and everyday ar...

Nicholas Crombach is interested in the complex interactions between humans and animals. Using sporting and hunting as markers of longstanding traditions of both adversarial and collaborative relationships between humans and animals, Crombach examines the cultural significance and the complex issues percolating domestication and domination, play and survival in the 21st century. Crombach combines references to mythology via a striking aesthetic, creating works which revel in their contradictions and contrasts. Notably, the artist draws from the myth of Diana and Actaeon, which provides a poignant framework for this new series. In Ovid’s tale Actaeon, a hunter and grandson of King Cadmus, is in the forest with his dogs when he spies Artemis (Diana), the venerated goddess of the hunt, in her bath attended by her nymphs. Diana’s nymphs try to cover her modesty as the goddess feels violated by Actaoen’s brash curiosity. Diana splashes water upon Actaeon, robbing him from his ability to speak and turning him from a mortal man into a stag who flees into the forest only to be hunted down and killed by his own dogs. The hunter becomes the hunted. Crombach’s Fetch (2018) refers to the mythology of Diana and Actaeon in its last tragic hour, but the classical story of metamorphoses is presented as a game of fetch in the local park. Crombach creates a hybrid between the art historical imagery from paintings of hounds...

"Young Girl Walking With Two Aunties" in an original sculpture by Kaplan Bunce. The piece measures 19"h x 22"w x 2"d and was made using found objects, spray paint, cedar wood, horse hair, deer skin leather, and copper wire. Kaplan Bunce is an artist, wood-maker and President of the Kaua’i Powwow Council in Kauai. The Kaua’i Powwow Council is a non-profit organization. This council was established to provide a cultural event, and a traditional Native American Powwow...

Among the Stones by Leo E. Osborne Abstract Nature Wall Relief, best suited for interior placement Carved Canada Goose and Rocks - Unique Carved Mixed...

Salvaged in the Philippines. This piece is Satinwood, a very dense wood that is extremely heavy. This piece is very old. A NEW COLLABORATION Tina West + Tucker Robbins...

This miniature paper sculpture titled "GO AWAY" is an original artwork by Drew Leshko made of paper, acrylic, inkjet prints, basswood, wire, PVC plastic, pastel, and clay. Through sc...

Saturated in cerulean—like the colour of a deep blue sky, intersecting lengths of wood form a dramatic sculpture in this abstract piece by Canadian artist, Shayne Dark. From his stud...

One of a kind mixed Technic sculpture

Menashe Kadishman (Israeli, 1932-2015) Birth Iron 17-1/2 inches (44.5 cm) high on a 6-1/4 inches (15.9 cm) high wood base Hand signed and Inscribed on base Sculpture with base measur...

From the Apathy Series, Andrew Smenos' recent body of ceramic sculptures, comes "DESTROYER" – the rusted hulk of a ship is sinking however, itself destro...

"I am influenced and gain insights through the exploration of artists and authors who consider the land and our place within it. This information along with my own investigations, re...

Represented by George Billis Gallery NYC and LA. The works in the series “From the Street” are carefully crafted, carved and painted, trompe l’oeil depictions of everyday common obj...

This blue, grey, and white miniature paper sculpture titled "PUPPIES" is an original artwork by Drew Leshko made of paper, acrylic, inkjet prints, basswood, wire, PVC plastic, pastel...

Daniel Fiorda in this new series of sculptures, continues in many ways the themes that have infused his previous work. For the last several years, Fiorda has dealt with technology, obsolescence, with the trail of discarded tech that humanity leaves behind and what it says about us. The new work takes this thematic one step further. These new wall pieces feature barely concealed found objects, almost fully engulfed by concrete, and yet still eerily discernible: industrial gears, computer keyboards, objects that evoke industrial post-digital eras. This piece is a set of 3 artworks...

BRILLO (RED BLUE WHITE) Acrylic on canvas with leather and brass fittings over wood. 17 x 17 x 14" (43.18 x 43.18 x 35.56 cm.) 2019 The series Lutz refers to as "Luxury Sculptures" are based on the forms of Louis Vuitton trunks in combination with the box sculptures of Andy Warhol. Lutz began this series in 2008. The works aim to create a feedback loop. Where Warhol elevated consumer products like Brillo and Heinz Ketchup...

While working on a large building project several years ago the artist, Fritz Horstman was struck by the poetry in the unfinished state of the construction site. He was drawn specifically to the space between the plywood walls that were raised as formworks for the pouring of cement. That space could only exist for a few hours before the cement truck...

This Zen like sculpture is formed from Linden wood also known as basswood, which was considered sacred in Slavic mythology. This minimalist sculpture was worked by hand for over 360...

This nude figurative sculpture, "Standing Pamela," stands with one hand on her hip and the other hand resting over the ponytail falling down her back. The bronze figure with dark pat...

Koji Takei works reference synthetic cubism in the most literal of senses. In cubist artworks, the objects are broken up, analyzed and re-assembled in abstracted form. These pieces...

This elegant hanging Wall Art sculpture is perfect for both neutral and modern spaces. The artist was inspired in long walks and pathways many peolple take every day in order to fill a single bucket of water, making it last a whole week. The silhouette is made with delicately placed pins. One by one, the artist placed them with resin and once they were firm, she cut the back part points. It is easy to install for it can be hung directly to the wall with two screws or from the cieling above to make a separation from the wall and project shadows. Mexican Modern Art...

This colorful documentation of Joan Grubin's studio practice sparked mosaic-creating sessions with an Exacto knife; the Detritus sculptures were born from this accidental kaleidoscop...

PAUL VILLINSKI has created studio and large-scale artworks for more than three decades. Villinski was born in York, Maine, USA, in 1960, son of an Air Force navigator. He has lived and worked in New York City since 1982. A scenic route through the educational system included stops at Phillips Exeter Academy and the Massachusetts College of Art, and a BFA with honors from the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art in 1984. He lives with his partner, the painter Amy Park, and their son, Lark, in their studios in Long Island City, NY. His work has been included in numerous exhibitions nationally. A mid-career retrospective, “Farther,” is currently on view at The Taubman Museum of Art in Roanoke, VA, through July, 2018. Recent solo exhibitions include “Paul Villinski: Burst” at the McNay Art Museum in San Antonio, TX and “Passage: A Special Installation,” at the Blanton Museum, University of Texas, Austin. Recent group shows include “Material Transformations” at the Montgomery Museum of Art, Montgomery, AL; “Re: Collection,” at the Museum of Arts and Design, New York, NY; “Making Mends,” at the Bellevue Museum of Arts, Bellevue, WA; and “Prospect .1,” an international Biennial in New Orleans, LA. “Emergency Response Studio,” a FEMA trailer transformed into an off-the-grid mobile artist...

Elizabeth Jordan is an artist working primarily in sculpture and whose work uses multiple materials to produce unique, organic forms. In addition to a solo and group shows at Ivy Bro...

This original piece by Luke O'Sullivan is made from wood that the artist has silkscreen printed onto with his original drawings and patterns, which he then cut and assembled into a t...

Koji Takei works reference synthetic cubism in the most literal of senses. In cubist artworks, the objects are broken up, analyzed and re-assembled in abstracted form. These pieces...

Koji Takei works reference synthetic cubism in the most literal of senses. In cubist artworks, the objects are broken up, analyzed and re-assembled in abstracted form. These pieces...

As much as Takei’s pieces are Cubist in nature there is also an unmistakable Asian influence in the working method of the Japanese native. A quiet solidarity and respect for the individual parts set the pieces apart from the noisy commentary that Cubism often invokes. Takei’s pieces are minimal in nature, but powerful in presence and seem to reference the interlocking sculptures...

The freestanding sculptures in this portfolio are made from the “sticks”: a pile of found wood that Sweibel has been pulling from to make new works since about 2002. The pile consisted of more than a dozen four- to seven-foot lengths of hardwood, each an uneven inch in depth and width. The sticks were warped, with worn yellow paint on one side and raw wood on the other three. Over the years she has painted the raw sides of the sticks, cut the wood into shorter lengths, and sliced paint off – and kept the residue from these actions. Sweibel has also made sculptures ranging from full-length sticks to tiny stick splinters. She built these sculptures using sliced-off paint. Timeworn materials and objects have an intelligence that the artist looks for and listens to. Shaping and reshaping material to find new form and elicit new insights in the material itself is the territory she is mining. The limitations of the process are its strengths. Her work is concerned with fragility, precariousness, adaptability, and strength. It is a visual response to powerful yet unseen forces - like wind and thoughts - that threaten, propel, ruin, and protect. Liz Sweibel is a multidisciplinary artist working in drawing, sculpture, installation, and digital photography and video. Her spare, personal language of abstraction transforms ordinary materials into statements about connectedness and responsibility: every action has an impact, the effects persist in space and over time, and we are accountable. By drawing attention to simple, ordinary “stuff of life” and referencing both shared and personal history, Sweibel’s work explores and reflects back fundamental experiences in response to our world and relationships. Her intention is to reinvigorate viewers’ awareness of the everyday – in its raw beauty and precariousness – in hopes that they might bring heightened senses of sight and care to their daily lives. Sweibel has participated in solo, two-person, and group exhibits in New York, Massachusetts, Maine, Connecticut, Michigan, and Tennessee since 1998. In 2016, Sweibel’s work was in the group shows Lightly Structured at Sculpture Space NYC, Precarious Constructs at the Venus Knitting Art...

Koji Takei works reference synthetic cubism in the most literal of senses. In cubist artworks, the objects are broken up, analyzed and re-assembled in abstracted form. These pieces...

Daniel Fiorda in this new series of sculptures, continues in many ways the themes that have infused his previous work. For the last several years, Fiorda has dealt with technology, obsolescence, with the trail of discarded tech that humanity leaves behind and what it says about us. The new work takes this thematic one step further. These new wall pieces feature barely concealed found objects, almost fully engulfed by concrete, and yet still eerily discernible: industrial gears, computer keyboards, objects that evoke industrial post-digital eras. This piece is a set of 3 artworks that showcases a black computer keyboard on a white background and they can be arranged for display in a variety of layouts. They come ready to hang with hanging hardware and they are signed by the artist on verso. Art measures 8.75 x 8.75 x 1.25 in (each) The overall sense is dystopian rather than apocalyptic. In Fiorda’s previous work, found objects were displayed as if unearthed from a bed of clay by a tacit anthropologist, perhaps decades into the future. A typewriter would be partially buried by dry soil and weathered by the passing of time. The underlying narrative was that of a future civilization unearthing the objects left by ours. Destruction or extinction was implied. In the new work, the obsolete technology is not found but rather engulfed by a new technology. Concrete, as a material and as a technology, has the capabilities to fully encase and envelope. In Fiorda’s new work, uniformity and the appropriation of old/new technology into new structures suggests a historical and technological challenge right around the corner, mirroring the ones in our recent past: the digital age fully replacing the analog world. These astounding sculptures, with embedded objects, are here to examine closely, and make connections between theme, material, and shape. Daniel Fiorda was born in 1963 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Of Italian ancestry, his lineage includes a grandfather highly respected as a wood craftsman, also his father was a craftsman in addition to being a musician and poet. Because a privileged life was not his, there was no university for Fiorda. In the Old World tradition of passing on knowledge from parent to child, he learned about machinery form his father, who recognized his son's talent and encouraged it. With some private tutoring, he began sculpting in high school using found objects. The press reviews of his first exhibit, at age 20, stated that Fiorda had a definite “poetic feeling”. With this encouragement, he continued to pursue his art. After leaving Argentina, he arrived in Miami Beach via a circuitous route and set up his studio in the South Florida Art Center. He has exhibited widely throughout the US including the OK Harris Gallery, Allan Stone Gallery in New York as well as the Heriard Cimino Gallery in New Orleans, Lélia Mordoch Gallery in Paris France and Lilac Gallery in New York City. Daniel was one of the winners in the 7th Annual Sculptures Competition (2003) held at Washburn University in Topeka , Kansas. Selected on the inaugural 2006 Palm Beach International Sculpture Biennale, and exhibited for the 3rd time in Sculpture Key West. He is an alumni Artist of ArtCenter/South Florida. Two Pieces from his “Convertible Couch projects...

This flat shadow puppet was created by an unknown Indonesian artist. This shadow puppet, 20" high and 8" wide with movable, was used in Indonesian Wayang puppet shows. Wayang (Kram...

Koji Takei works reference synthetic cubism in the most literal of senses. In cubist artworks, the objects are broken up, analyzed and re-assembled in abstracted form. These pieces...

Oil-based alkyd enamel on plywood panel with cuts. this is a cut plywood wall relief sculpture with paint on it. This has an architectural quality to it. Peter Wegner (born 1963) is an American artist whose works consist of painting, photograph, collage, prints, artist's books, and large-scale installations Born in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, Peter Wegner earned his BA at Yale University. He works in multiple media, ranging from paintings and photography to large-scale installations and wall works. His pieces are included in major public and private collections worldwide. He currently lives and works in Berkeley, California. A core theme in Wegner's work is color. Professor, author, and critic Eve Meltzer noted in a 2002 review that “color may be the… center” of his entire practice. The artist first began deconstructing the subject in the late 1990s with his "Remarks on Color" series, which used commercial paint chip samples as their starting point. Another theme identified by experts is Wegner's engagement with architecture. For example, in his photography series "Buildings Made of Sky," Wegner reverses urban streetscapes to reveal how skyscrapers shape the open-air spaces between one another into skyscraper-like forms of their own. Wegner has also often pushed the construction of his works in an architectural direction, presenting paintings in the form of leaning columns, complex lattices, and multi-layered scrims. Huldisch noted that “[h]is stacks, grids, and lattice structures reveal both an interest in the forms of Minimalism and a rejection of the stringent doctrine that predicated them." Wegner's early work focuses on everyday artifacts embedded in popular culture, including typography specimens (the basis for the "American Types" series), commercial paint chips (in the "Remarks on Color" series), and security envelopes (in the "Security" series). Wegner produced in 2005 the "Lever Labyrinth," a human-scale maze composed of 2.2 million sheets of stacked paper––all in various shades of green, creating columns of subtly gradating color––constructed inside the Lever House building. In 2008, Wegner executed the major paper installation "GUILLOTINE OF SUNLIGHT, GUILLOTINE OF SHADE" at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. The piece consisted of 1.4 millions sheets of die-cut paper in 40 hues, arranged to create two 12’ x 26.5’ x 7" color gradations inside the museum: a wall progressing from blue to yellow in one gallery, and a wall progressing from yellow to red in another. Around this same time, Wegner introduced two new elements into his work: time and neon. He combined both in 2007 to create “THE UNITED STATES OF NOTHING,” which included time-controlled neon signage showing the name, latitude, and longitude of every U.S. city that invokes the concept of nothingness. He has showed at William Griffin Gallery. The gallery has featured solo exhibitions by James Turrell, Richard Long, Robert Rauschenberg, David Lynch, Ed Ruscha, Richard Serra, Tony Smith, Peter Wegner, Greg Colson, Liza Ryan and others. It has presented group exhibitions such as Early California Minimalism, a survey of significant early works by Robert Irwin, John McCracken, and Craig Kauffman; and Wall Installations, with works by Maya Lin, James Turrell, Richard Long, Robert Therrien, Teresita Fernández, Karin Sander, Peter Wegner, and Kira Lynn Harris. It has also presented projects of work by Richard Tuttle, Ana Mendieta...

Emma Bell Three Clays II glazed ceramic vessels : porcelain, White stoneware and red stoneware 73 x 73 cm x 7cm With non refelective glass . The work appears like it does not have t...

CUBE, PYRAMID & SPHERE is a major work created over a five-year period. It is a variable installation, composed of 4 geometric sculptures of high-fired clay pigmented with oxides, a block of wood found in the ocean, river gravel, limestone, and slate shattered to fragments. Note the surface textures, the ground of natural stone, the colors black, umber, copper and tan throughout, the pattern of slate fragments. CUBE, PYRAMID & SPHERE is characteristic of Wortman's practice – warm, contemporary, uniquely crafted, yet speaks to ancient, primitive traditions of art-making that cross cultures and histories. Highly attuned to the art of Africa, the Middle East, India and Asia, his forms are organic abstracts with masculine and feminine attributes that resonate together as a pleasing enigma. They make sense immediately, yet never give up all their secrets. CUBE, PYRAMID & SPHERE was exhibited at BASE: Immersive Art Experiences, Industry City, Brooklyn, NY, 2017. It was also reproduced in Tussle Magazine, alongside "An Interview with Harold Wortsman...

Series of individual variations Bronze freely rotating on a spalted beech base Stamped with monogram signature and uniquely numbered 579A Rotation allows...

Over many decades Loren Eiferman has created and mastered a unique technique of working with wood—her primary material. First, she begins with a drawing of an idea. Then she takes a daily walk in the woods surrounding her studio and collects tree limbs and long sticks that have fallen to the ground. She never chops down a living tree or uses green wood. Eiferman allows the wood time to cure in the studio to make sure it won’t check or crack. Next, she debarks the branch and looks for shapes found within each piece of wood. Using a Japanese hand saw, she cuts and connect these small shapes together using dowels and wood glue. Then, all the open joints get filled with a home made putty, which is then sanded so she can see the newly formed shapes. This process is until the new sculpture appears like the original line drawing but in space. She wants the work to appear as if it grew in nature, when in fact each sculpture is composed of over 100 small pieces of wood that are seamlessly jointed together. Her work can be called the ultimate recycling: taking the detritus of nature and giving it a new life. We have all at one point or another picked up a stick from the ground—touched the wood, peeled the bark off with our fingernails. Her work taps into that same primal desire of touching nature and being close to it. Trees connect us back to nature, back to this Earth. Her work has a meditative quality to it—a quiet, calming energy. Her influences are many; from looking at nature and plant life on this Earth to researching the heavenly bodies in the images beamed back from the Hubble Telescope. From studying ancient Buddhist mandalas and designs to delving deeper into quantum physics. And from researching mysterious manuscripts to studying the patterns inside our brains. For Invocation, we are exhibiting her newest body of work, inspired by the illustrations found in the Voynich Manuscript. This 250-page book, is believed to have been written in the early 15th century, of a mysterious origin and purpose. Written in an unknown language and currently housed at Yale University’s Beinecke Rare Book Library, the manuscript has eluded all attempts in the intervening centuries to decode or decipher its purpose and meaning. This enigmatic book is divided into 6 different sections (herbal, astronomical, biological, cosmological, pharmaceutical and recipes). Having discovered the images contained in this codex over the Internet, Eiferman felt an immediate, profound and inexplicable connection to this manuscript and its creator. The artist is currently transposing the “herbal” section of manuscript into sculptures. This section has drawings in it of plants and flowers that do not really exist in nature—past or present. These aren’t just pretty images of flowers—they also contain the wacky root systems and seemingly out of proportion leaves, stamens and pistils. Loren Eiferman was born in Brooklyn, NY. She received her BFA from SUNY Purchase. Her work has been exhibited extensively throughout the Tri-State region including gallery and museum exhibitions in the Hudson Valley and Connecticut. Her work is included in numerous corporate and private art collections. In 2014 she was awarded a NYC MTA Arts & Design art commission to produce steel railings...

SKYLAR FEIN was born in Greenwich Village and raised in the Bronx. He has had many careers including teaching nonviolent resistance under the umbrella of the Quakers, working for a g...

Les couleurs de la terre is the first joint exhibition by artist duo Hélène et son mari, composed of ceramist Hélène Chouinard and multidisciplinary artist Jean-Robert Drouillard. Conceived as an expression of a decade of dialoguing creative practices, the exhibition explores the formation and transmission of artisanal knowledge by presenting finely-crafted objects in a contemporary light. Hélène Chouinard’s works extend from her recent material research on clay colouring techniques. She methodically mixes two to three base pigments in various proportions, adding these directly to the clay to create a desired tone. Once molded and baked, this tone permeates the resulting object, not just its surface. Fascinated by the formal range of vessels from the mundane to the sophisticated, Chouinard reproduces everyday glass bottles by molding them in coloured porcelain. Each bottle bears...

From the collection of Ruth Siegel owner for the Ruth Siegel Gallery in NYC on Madison Ave in the 1980s and 1990s. Katsuhisa Sakai was born in a bomb shelt...

Max 'n Mini by Gary Alsum Bronze mini-coop driven by dogs 6.5x8x6.5 ed/75 #1 available some additional views are shown in clay. The finished piece is the red patina. Shipping price ...

Les couleurs de la terre is the first joint exhibition by artist duo Hélène et son mari, composed of ceramist Hélène Chouinard and multidisciplinary artist Jean-Robert Drouillard. Co...

Fuck, 2018 by Casey Waterman Plaster, Glass, Vinyl, Walnut One of a kind art wall installation of 16 pieces. Overall size: 72" h x 17" w x 1.5" d Framed piece size: 18" H x 16" w x ...

Night Composition 3D Wall Art under museum-quality plexiglass. Thematically this construction titled ‘Night Composition” centers on Erikson's romance in working with black, brass an...

Window, 2018 by Casey Waterman Plaster, Glass, Vinyl, Walnut One of a kind art wall installation of 16 pieces. Overall size: 72" h x 17" w x 1.5" d Framed piece size: 18" H x 16" w ...

Extraordinary garden torch with one burner insert on an untreated oak spot. If the spot is set up outside, she develops a gray patina. There are already individual lava stones in th...